- Object-oriented Programming C++ Pdf
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Jan 23, 2019 The Object Oriented Programming in C basically helps the students to learn to programme. According to me, R obert Lafore c pdf Book contains a lot of easy stuff. Students can easily Learn object oriented programming with c which is a. Book Description. Object-Oriented Programming in C, 4th edtion, begins with the basic principles of the C programming language and systematically introduces increasingly advanced topics while illustrating the OOP methodology. Object is set properly, we can call a constructor. This is a function that s called automatically every time a new object is made from the class, and it has the same name as the class itself. It does not have a return type. If, as we have been doing so far, we put the definition and declaration in the same place, use this syntax: class Student. Object-oriented C (OOC) kit is for those who want to program in an object-oriented manner, but sticks on the good old C as well. OOC implements classes, single and multiple inheritance, exception handling. Features. Uses only C macros and functions, no language extensions required! (ANSI-C). Easy-to-read source code for your application.
Download Balagurusamy by Object Oriented Programming with C++ – Object Oriented Programming with C++ written by Balagurusamy is very useful for Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) students and also who are all having an interest to develop their knowledge in the field of Computer Science as well as Information Technology. This Book provides an clear examples on each and every topics covered in the contents of the book to provide an every user those who are read to develop their knowledge.
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Its always advisable to rely on a particular book when you are learning something new on your own. As the name suggests, Object Orients Programming with C++, the book introduces its readers with concepts of Object Oriented Programming using the programming language C++. However, it is essential that the reader should have basic knowledge of the programming language C, however it is not mandatory for the reader to have a certain sense of proficiency in programming before picking up this book.
Major contents included:
The book sheds light upon many concepts that are crucial to Object Orients Programming. Some of them are overloading, RTTI, type casting and abstract classes. The other topics that the book goes through are dynamic memory allocation, structures and union, etc. The author uses a direct language which is extremely easy and illustrative so that the students can understand the concepts of Object Orients Programming in C++ effectively.
The book includes as many as 116 sample programs, 67 debugging exercises, 225 questions to test the proficiency of students in the C++ language and also 95 exercises on programming. The book also contains questions pertaining to C++ that are technical in nature and very likely to be asked in interviews.
About Author
The author of the book, E. Balagurusamy is a software consultant, coach and a writer. His works include multiple books in the concepts of programming and also programming languages. Vice-Chancellor of the Anna University in Chennai, India, E. Balagurusamy has a degree of M.E. in Electrical Engineering along with a Doctorate in Systems Engineering.
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Name of the Book | Object Oriented Programming with C++ |
Name of the Author(s) | Balagurusamy |
Language | English |
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Active1 month ago
What are some ways to write object-oriented code in C? Especially with regard to polymorphism.
See also Stack Overflow question Object-orientation in C.
closed as too broad by halfelf, Alexander Farber, EdChum, wasthishelpful, SparkAndShineSep 26 '16 at 11:38
Please edit the question to limit it to a specific problem with enough detail to identify an adequate answer. Avoid asking multiple distinct questions at once. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
32 Answers
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Yes. In fact Axel Schreiner provides his book 'Object-oriented Programming in ANSI-C' for free which covers the subject quite thoroughly.
Since you're talking about polymorphism then yes, you can, we were doing that sort of stuff years before C++ came about.
Basically you use a
struct
to hold both the data and a list of function pointers to point to the relevant functions for that data.So, in a communications class, you would have an open, read, write and close call which would be maintained as four function pointers in the structure, alongside the data for an object, something like:
Of course, those code segments above would actually be in a 'constructor' such as
rs232Init()
.When you 'inherit' from that class, you just change the pointers to point to your own functions. Everyone that called those functions would do it through the function pointers, giving you your polymorphism:
Sort of like a manual vtable.
You could even have virtual classes by setting the pointers to NULL -the behaviour would be slightly different to C++ (a core dump at run-time rather than an error at compile time).
Here's a piece of sample code that demonstrates it. First the top-level class structure:
Then we have the functions for the TCP 'subclass':
And the HTTP one as well:
And finally a test program to show it in action:
This produces the output:
so you can see that the different functions are being called, depending on the sub-class.
Namespaces are often done by doing:
instead of
To make a C struct into something like a C++ class you can turn:
Into
And do:
I didn't do the destructor or delete, but it follows the same pattern.
this_is_here_as_an_example_only is like a static class variable -- shared among all instances of a type. All methods are really static, except that some take a this *
I believe that besides being useful in its own right, implementing OOP in C is an excellent way to learn OOP and understand its inner workings. Experience of many programmers has shown that to use a technique efficiently and confidently, a programmer must understand how the underlying concepts are ultimately implemented. Emulating classes, inheritance, and polymorphism in C teaches just this.
To answer the original question, here are a couple resources that teach how to do OOP in C:
EmbeddedGurus.com blog post 'Object-based programming in C' shows how to implement classes and single inheritance in portable C:http://embeddedgurus.com/state-space/2008/01/object-based-programming-in-c/
Application Note 'C+'—Object Oriented Programming in C' shows how to implement classes, single inheritance, and late binding (polymorphism) in C using preprocessor macros:http://www.state-machine.com/resources/cplus_3.0_manual.pdf, the example code is available from http://www.state-machine.com/resources/cplus_3.0.zip
I've seen it done. I wouldn't recommend it. C++ originally started this way as a preprocessor that produced C code as an intermediate step.
Essentially what you end up doing is create a dispatch table for all of your methods where you store your function references. Deriving a class would entail copying this dispatch table and replacing the entries that you wanted to override, with your new 'methods' having to call the original method if it wants to invoke the base method. Eventually, you end up rewriting C++.
Sure that is possible. This is what GObject, the framework that all of GTK+ and GNOME is based on, does.
The C stdio FILE sub-library is an excellent example of how to create abstraction, encapsulation, and modularity in unadulterated C.
Inheritance and polymorphism - the other aspects often considered essential to OOP - do not necessarily provide the productivity gains they promise and reasonablearguments have been made that they can actually hinder development and thinking about the problem domain.
Trivial example with an Animal and Dog: You mirror C++'s vtable mechanism (largely anyway). You also separate allocation and instantiation (Animal_Alloc, Animal_New) so we don't call malloc() multiple times. We must also explicitly pass the
this
pointer around.If you were to do non-virtual functions, that's trival. You just don't add them to the vtable and static functions don't require a
this
pointer. Multiple inheritance generally requires multiple vtables to resolve ambiguities.Also, you should be able to use setjmp/longjmp to do exception handling.
PS. This is tested on a C++ compiler, but it should be easy to make it work on a C compiler.
Check out GObject. It's meant to be OO in C and one implementation of what you're looking for. If you really want OO though, go with C++ or some other OOP language. GObject can be really tough to work with at times if you're used to dealing with OO languages, but like anything, you'll get used to the conventions and flow.
This has been interesting to read. I have been pondering the same question myself, and the benefits of thinking about it are this:
- Trying to imagine how to implement OOP concepts in a non-OOP language helps me understand the strengths of the OOp language (in my case, C++). This helps give me better judgement about whether to use C or C++ for a given type of application -- where the benefits of one out-weighs the other.
- In my browsing the web for information and opinions on this I found an author who was writing code for an embedded processor and only had a C compiler available:http://www.eetimes.com/discussion/other/4024626/Object-Oriented-C-Creating-Foundation-Classes-Part-1
In his case, analyzing and adapting OOP concepts in plain C was a valid pursuit. It appears he was open to sacrificing some OOP concepts due to the performance overhead hit resulting from attempting to implement them in C.
The lesson I've taken is, yes it can be done to a certain degree, and yes, there are some good reasons to attempt it.
In the end, the machine is twiddling stack pointer bits, making the program counter jump around and calculating memory access operations. From the efficiency standpoint, the fewer of these calculations done by your program, the better... but sometimes we have to pay this tax simply so we can organize our program in a way that makes it least susceptible to human error. The OOP language compiler strives to optimize both aspects. The programmer has to be much more careful implementing these concepts in a language like C.
You may find it helpful to look at Apple's documentation for its Core Foundation set of APIs. It is a pure C API, but many of the types are bridged to Objective-C object equivalents.
You may also find it helpful to look at the design of Objective-C itself. It's a bit different from C++ in that the object system is defined in terms of C functions, e.g.
objc_msg_send
to call a method on an object. The compiler translates the square bracket syntax into those function calls, so you don't have to know it, but considering your question you may find it useful to learn how it works under the hood.There are several techniques that can be used. The most important one is more how to split the project. We use an interface in our project that is declared in a .h file and the implementation of the object in a .c file. The important part is that all modules that include the .h file see only an object as a
void *
, and the .c file is the only module who knows the internals of the structure.Something like this for a class we name FOO as an example:
In the .h file
The C implementation file will be something like that.
So I give the pointer explicitly to an object to every function of that module. A C++ compiler does it implicitly, and in C we write it explicitly out.
I really use
this
in my programs, to make sure that my program does not compile in C++, and it has the fine property of being in another color in my syntax highlighting editor.The fields of the FOO_struct can be modified in one module and another module doesn't even need to be recompiled to be still usable.
With that style I already handle a big part of the advantages of OOP (data encapsulation). By using function pointers, it's even easy to implement something like inheritance, but honestly, it's really only rarely useful.
You can fake it using function pointers, and in fact, I think it is theoretically possible to compile C++ programs into C.
However, it rarely makes sense to force a paradigm on a language rather than to pick a language that uses a paradigm.
Object oriented C, can be done, I've seen that type of code in production in Korea, and it was the most horrible monster I'd seen in years (this was like last year(2007) that I saw the code).So yes it can be done, and yes people have done it before, and still do it even in this day and age. But I'd recommend C++ or Objective-C, both are languages born from C, with the purpose of providing object orientation with different paradigms.
If you are convinced that an OOP approach is superior for the problem you are trying to solve, why would you be trying to solve it with a non-OOP language? It seems like you're using the wrong tool for the job. Use C++ or some other object-oriented C variant language.
If you are asking because you are starting to code on an already existing large project written in C, then you shouldn't try to force your own (or anyone else's) OOP paradigms into the project's infrastructure. Follow the guidelines that are already present in the project. In general, clean APIs and isolated libraries and modules will go a long way towards having a clean OOP-ish design.
If, after all this, you really are set on doing OOP C, read this (PDF).
Yes, you can. People were writing object-oriented C before C++ or Objective-C came on the scene. Both C++ and Objective-C were, in parts, attempts to take some of the OO concepts used in C and formalize them as part of the language.
Here's a really simple program that shows how you can make something that looks-like/is a method call (there are better ways to do this. This is just proof the language supports the concepts):
Of course, it just won't be as pretty as using a language with built-in support. I've even written 'object-oriented assembler'.
I've been digging this for one year:
As the GObject system is hard to use with pure C, I tried to write some nice macros to ease the OO style with C.
Here is my project site (I don't have enough time to write en. doc,however the doc in chinese is much better).
There is an example of inheritance using C in Jim Larson's 1996 talk given at the Section 312 Programming Lunchtime Seminar here: High and Low-Level C.
Which articles or books are good to use OOP concepts in C?
Dave Hanson's C Interfaces and Implementations is excellent on encapsulation and naming and very good on use of function pointers. Dave does not try to simulate inheritance.
OOP is only a paradigm which place datas as more important than code in programs. OOP is not a language. So, like plain C is a simple language, OOP in plain C is simple too.
One thing you might want to do is look into the implementation of the Xt toolkit for X Window. Sure it is getting long in the tooth, but many of the structures used were designed to work in an OO fashion within traditional C. Generally this means adding an extra layer of indirection here and there and designing structures to lay over each other.
You can really do lots in the way of OO situated in C this way, even though it feels like it some times, OO concepts did not spring fully formed from the mind of
#include<favorite_OO_Guru.h>
. They really constituted many of the established best practice of the time. OO languages and systems only distilled and amplified parts of the programing zeitgeist of the day.The answer to the question is 'Yes, you can'.
Object-oriented C (OOC) kit is for those who want to program in an object-oriented manner, but sticks on the good old C as well. OOC implements classes, single and multiple inheritance, exception handling.
Features
• Uses only C macros and functions, no language extensions required! (ANSI-C)
• Easy-to-read source code for your application. Care was taken to make things as simple as possible.
• Single inheritance of classes
• Multiple inheritance by interfaces and mixins (since version 1.3)
• Implementing exceptions (in pure C!)
• Virtual functions for classes
• External tool for easy class implementation
For more details, visit http://ooc-coding.sourceforge.net/.
It's seem like people are trying emulate the C++ style using C. My take is that doing object-oriented programming C is really doing struct-oriented programming. However, you can achieve things like late binding, encapsulation, and inheritance. For inheritance you explicitly define a pointer to the base structs in your sub struct and this is obviously a form of multiple inheritance. You'll also need to determine if your
compile with
c_compiler main.c inherited_class_1.obj inherited_class_2.obj private_class.obj
.So the advice is to stick to a pure C style and not try to force into a C++ style. Also this way lends itself to a very clean way of building an API.
See http://slkpg.byethost7.com/instance.html for yet another twist on OOP in C. It emphasizes instance data for reentrancy using just native C. Multiple inheritance is done manually using function wrappers. Type safety is maintained. Here is a small sample:
I'm a bit late to the party, but I want to share my experience on the topic: I work with embedded stuff these days, and the only (reliable) compiler I have is C, so that I want to apply object-oriented approach in my embedded projects written in C.
Most of the solutions I've seen so far use typecasts heavily, so we lose type safety: compiler won't help you if you make a mistake. This is completely unacceptable.
Requirements that I have:
- Avoid typecasts as much as possible, so we don't lose type safety;
- Polymorphism: we should be able to use virtual methods, and user of the class should not be aware whether some particular method is virtual or not;
- Multiple inheritance: I don't use it often, but sometimes I really want some class to implement multiple interfaces (or to extend multiple superclasses).
I've explained my approach in detail in this article: Object-oriented programming in C; plus, there is an utility for autogeneration of boilerplate code for base and derived classes.
I built a little library where I tried that and to me it works real nicely. So I thought I share the experience.
Single inheritance can be implemented quite easily using a struct and extending it for every other child class. A simple cast to the parent structure makes it possible to use parent methods on all the descendants.As long as you know that a variable points to a struct holding this kind of an object you can always cast to the root class and do introspection.
As has been mentioned, virtual methods are somewhat trickier. But they are doable. To keep things simple I just use an array of functions in the class description structure which every child class copies and repopulates individual slots where required.
Multiple inheritance would be rather complicated to implement and comes with a significant performance impact. So I leave it. I do consider it desirable and useful in quite a few cases to cleanly model real life circumstances, but in probably 90% of cases single inheritance covers the needs. And single inheritance is simple and costs nothing.
Also I do not care about type safety. I think you should not depend on the compiler to prevent you from programming mistakes. And it shields you only from a rather small part of errors anyway.
Typically, in an object oriented environment you also want to implement reference counting to automate memory management to the extent possible. So I also put a reference count into the “Object” root class and some functionality to encapsulate allocation and deallocation of heap memory.
It is all very simple and lean and gives me the essentials of OO without forcing me to deal with the monster that is C++. And I retain the flexibility of staying in C land, which among other things makes it easier to integrate third party libraries.
Object-oriented Programming C++ Pdf
Object-oriented Programming With C++ Pdf
I propose to use Objective-C, which is a superset of C.
While Objective-C is 30 years old, it allows to write elegant code.
Object Oriented Programming Concepts Pdf
Yes, but I have never seen anyone attempt to implement any sort of polymorphism with C.